This chapter discusses the artistic developments during the Mauryan period, highlighting prominent structures, sculptures, and the influence of Buddhism and Jainism in shaping Indian art.
The Mauryan period, spanning from the fourth to third century BCE, marks a significant era in the history of Indian art, influenced predominantly by the rise of Buddhism and Jainism. The Gangetic valley became a focal point for new religious movements that opposed the rigid varna and jati systems entrenched in Hindu society. As Magadha consolidated its reign, it laid the groundwork for the emergence of the Mauryan Empire, with Ashoka emerging as a pivotal figure during the third century BCE. Ashoka's patronage of Buddhism led to the construction of monumental architecture and artistic representations reflective of the Buddhist principles prevalent during this era.
One of the distinguishing features of Mauryan art is the shift towards rock-cut architecture. Iconic structures of this period include stupas, viharas, and pillars. The Ashokan pillars, known for their intricate carvings and inscriptions, were primarily located in Northern India, serving both as markers of territory and as carriers of messages regarding Ashoka's edicts, which promoted Buddhist values and principles.
The remarkable Lion Capital from Sarnath not only showcases the skillful artistry of the period but also serves as a national emblem of India. The Lion Capital portrays four lions standing back-to-back on a circular abacus, decorated with a chakra and symbols of various animals which represent Dhammachakrapravartana, the Buddha's first sermon.
The Mauryan period was characterized by a blend of various worship practices, including Yaksha and mother goddess worship. Yakshas and Yakshinis were prevalent in sculptures and were often associated with fertility and abundance. This cultural integration resulted in sculptural works such as the Yakshini from Didargunj, which exemplifies the elegance and nuanced understanding of human figures by the Mauryan craftsmen. The treatment of skin, drapery, and the nuanced portrayal of musculature indicate the advances in sculptural techniques during this time.
Stupas, which were domed structures built to house relics of the Buddha, grew in significance and number during the Mauryan period. The architecture evolved, with the construction of encompassing railings and elaborate gateways. Each stupa not only served a religious purpose but also became a canvas for artistic endeavors that depicted key events in the Buddha's life through narrative sculptures. Themes from the Jataka tales are also prominent in the relief carvings adorning the stupas, offering moral lessons and stories that coalesce around the essence of Buddhism.
Key events depicted include the birth, enlightenment, and final liberation of the Buddha. The Jataka tales, illustrating the previous lives of the Buddha, contributed richly to the narrative art style, emphasizing acts of compassion and moral values integral to Buddhist teachings. The artistic representation during the Mauryan period reflects not just the religious practices but also the societal values and the artistic capabilities of craftsmen of that time.
The labor system behind these magnificent structures was largely collective. Various artisans, such as stone carvers, goldsmiths, and carpenters worked together on monumental projects with varying levels of royal patronage. This led to a flourishing of artistic talent and diversity of form in the sculptures, contributing significantly to Indian art history.
In conclusion, the Mauryan period was pivotal in shaping the religious and artistic landscape of India. Its contributions went beyond mere aesthetics, leaving behind a legacy that intertwined spirituality with cultural identity. The art of the Mauryan Empire, particularly as it relates to Buddhism and the Jaina faith, represents a particularly rich tapestry of human creativity and belief that has influenced successive generations.